Cross College

Tag: meaning

  • Who Was Laozi? The Sage Behind Taoism

    Laozi (also spelled Lao Tzu or Lao-Tze) is one of the most enigmatic and influential figures in Chinese philosophy and spiritual history. Often credited as the founder of Daoism (Taoism) and the author of its central text, the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching), Laozi’s ideas continue to shape philosophical, religious, and cultural thought across…

  • Who Was Cosimo de’ Medici?

    Cosimo de’ Medici (1389–1464), also known as Cosimo the Elder, was the founder of the Medici political dynasty and one of the most influential figures of the Italian Renaissance. As the de facto ruler of Florence, he laid the foundation for Medici power, shaped the city’s political landscape, and became a major patron of the…

  • Who Was Budai? The Laughing Buddha of Folklore and Legend

    Budai, often referred to as the “Laughing Buddha,” is a figure deeply embedded in Chinese and East Asian culture. Although he is frequently associated with Buddhism, Budai’s origins and significance extend beyond religious boundaries. Known for his joyful demeanor, potbelly, and ever-present cloth sack, Budai is a symbol of contentment, generosity, and abundance. The Historical…

  • The Union of Zen Buddhism and Bushido: Myth and Reality

    Zen Buddhism and Bushido are often seen as two deeply intertwined traditions that shaped the philosophy and ethics of Japan’s samurai class. This romanticized image, however, does not fully reflect historical reality. While Zen did influence some samurai, only a small percentage of them actively practiced Zen Buddhism. Nonetheless, the principles of Zen resonated strongly…

  • Who Was Mencius? A Sage of Compassion and Confucian Wisdom

    Mencius, known as Mengzi (孟子) in Chinese, was a renowned Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States period (372–289 BCE). Often called the “Second Sage” of Confucianism, following Confucius himself, Mencius expanded and refined the teachings of Confucius, focusing on human nature, morality, and governance. His ideas are compiled in the classic text The…

  • Exploring the Writings of Duns Scotus: A Mind of Subtle Distinctions

    Duns Scotus (1266–1308), often called the “Subtle Doctor,” was one of the most influential thinkers in medieval philosophy and theology. A Franciscan scholar, Scotus made groundbreaking contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and theology, leaving a legacy that continues to resonate in philosophical and theological circles today. His works are noted for their intricate reasoning and…

  • Understanding The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp: Key Stories and Themes

    The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp (Jingde Chuandeng Lu) is one of the foundational texts in Zen (Chan) Buddhism, composed during the Song Dynasty in China by the monk Daoyuan. This 30-volume work records the lineage of Zen masters, starting from the Buddha and extending to the 10th century, capturing stories, teachings,…

  • Who Was Nagarjuna? The Philosopher of Emptiness

    Nagarjuna, an influential Buddhist philosopher from the 2nd or 3rd century CE, is widely regarded as one of the most significant figures in Mahayana Buddhism. Often called the “Second Buddha,” Nagarjuna’s writings and teachings reshaped Buddhist philosophy, particularly through his development of the Madhyamaka (Middle Way) school. His profound exploration of concepts such as emptiness…

  • Who Was Shantideva? A Voice of Compassion in Buddhist Philosophy

    Shantideva, an 8th-century Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher, is celebrated as one of the most influential figures in Mahayana Buddhism. Known for his profound teachings on compassion, altruism, and the cultivation of the bodhisattva path, Shantideva’s life and works have inspired countless practitioners seeking to live with wisdom and kindness. His most famous text, the…

  • Diogenes: The Philosopher Who Lived with Virtue and Mocked Convention

    Diogenes of Sinope (circa 412–323 BCE) is one of the most eccentric and provocative figures in the history of philosophy. Known for his radical lifestyle and biting critiques of societal norms, Diogenes embodied a philosophy that emphasized virtue, simplicity, and a return to living in harmony with nature. His unconventional behavior and sharp wit made…